THE SCIENCE
BEHIND BIG TREE

All the characters and situations in Big Tree are based on real science.
Click on the subjects below to find out more!

  • The Ambassadors

    MYCORRHIZAL SYSEM

    The Ambassadors - MYCORRHIZAL SYSEM

    Dr. Suzanne Simard made an astonishing discovery in 1997. After rescuing her dog from a hole under a latrine in a forest, she noticed thin hairlike strands in the soil. What she had found were mycorrhizal fungi, which have been known about since the 19th century. But what Dr. Simard discovered was the connection between these fungi and the trees in the forest, in a kind of underground internet system, now called “the wood-wide web.” This means a forest, in real life, is not a place where many individual trees grow. Rather, it’s an interdependent community with members that help one another survive. In my story, the mushroom “Ambassadors” represent this incredible fact, and as it says in the story, fungi are neither plants nor animals. I first learned about the wood-wide web from an episode about Dr. Simard on the fascinating radio program Radiolab. Dr. Simard also gave a Ted Talk that everyone should watch.

    I’d like to add that in real life I’m afraid there are no tiny, adorable mushrooms that pop up at the base of trees to speak to them in English, but this seemed like the best way to get across the idea of what the fungal system does.

    This is the episode of Radiolab, From Tree to Shining Tree, which first introduced me to the work of Dr. Suzanne Simard and the mycorrhizal systems connecting the trees of a forest.

    Photo by Tommes Frites: pexels.com

  • Asteroid
    Asteroid

    The asteroid that killed the dinosaurs is very famous. It struck the Earth in what is now the Yucatán Peninsula. It plunged the planet into darkness for two years and killed off most, but not all, life on Earth. The non-avian dinosaurs disappeared, and the mammals, insects, and many of the plants found ways to survive.

    Photo by Dhruv Patel: iStock.com

  • Bird
    Bird

    We only see the feet of the bird that attacks Spot and the seeds, but it could be a bird like the Mirarce eatoni.

    Photo by Vieru Andrei-Silviu: iStock.com

  • Dinosaurs
    Dinosaurs

    The dinosaur that walks by Mama Tree in the beginning of the story is a titanosaurus. The “baby island” turns out to be a plesiosaur, and the dinosaur that tries to eat Merwin and Louise is a Tyrannosaurus rex.

    Photo by Mac Cervantes on Unsplash

  • Fossils Species
    Fossils Species

    There are many fossil species around today, and you might be living right near a plant that’s been around since the time of the dinosaurs.

    Photo by Preethi Viswanathan on Unsplash

  • Hairy Creatures
    Hairy Creature

    The rodent-like animal that Merwin and Louise hitch a ride on before being eaten by the Tyrannosaurus rex is called an Alphadon.

    Photo by Arina Bogachyova: iStock.com

  • King Seaweed’s Kingdom
    King Seaweed’s Kingdom

    There is very little evidence of what Cretaceous-era seaweed was like, since it was soft and left behind almost no fossil record. King Seaweed represents the idea that there was seaweed without us knowing exactly what it may have looked like, though I was inspired by the genus Fucus, or rockweed.

    When Merwin and Louise meet King Seaweed, there is a puffer fish who builds his amazing kingdom. This was inspired by the fact that puffer fish, in real life, create beautiful, complicated designs in the sand in a way that might remind you of an artist.

    All the seashells pictured, including a nautilus and a turritella (the one Merwin and Louise are trapped inside), were around during the Cretaceous era.

    Watch a video of a real pufferfish creating what looks like a mysterious and wonderful circular work of art in the sand.

    Photo by Sjo: iStock.com

  • Life on Earth
    Life on Earth

    How did life on Earth originate? There are many different theories, one of which inspired the asteroid in my story bringing life to the Earth.

    I’ve represented the development of life on Earth through the following sequence: prokaryotes, protozoa, sponges, fungi, plants, insects, and animals.

    This is an article about how life may have come from outer space

    Another article about the possible beginnings of life on Earth, from The Natural History Museum in the UK

    Learn more about the big bang and the beginning of everything, in this article from NASA

    Photo by Raycat: iStock.com

  • The Moon
    The Moon

    No one knows exactly how the moon was formed, but there is a theory that a small planet (about the size of Mars) may have collided with the Earth, and the ejecta formed into the moon. This small planet has been named Theia.

    Here is an article from NASA about the possible origins of the moon.

    Watch a short video about the creation of the moon.

    Photo by Guillermo Ferla on Unsplash

  • The Scientists
    The Scientists

    The Scientists who Merwin and Louise meet in King Seaweed’s kingdom are inspired by tiny creatures called foraminifera. The shells of foraminifera capture the carbon dioxide around them as they form, so real scientists are able to learn all sorts of things about the Earth in the deep past from studying their fossil shells. This is how we know about climate change today. Planktonic foraminifera live on the surface of the water and benthic ones live at the bottom of the water, so we have two different sets of data to help us learn about the environment. As the Scientists say in the story, there are billions and billions of foraminifera in the oceans all over the planet to this day. The smallest ones are almost microscopic. The biggest ones are the size of a few grains of sand. It is also true that they are neither plants nor animals.

    Read here and see more images of foraminifera from The Smithsonian.

    This is a wonderful video from the American Museum of Natural History, featuring Bashra Hussaini who helped me with this book.

    Photo 194438953 © Norbert Dr. Lange | Dreamstime.com

  • Spot
    Spot

    Butterflies probably existed during the Cretaceous era, but there is no fossil record. A similar-looking insect, called a lacewing, has been found in fossils in China from around this time. Spot is an ancient lacewing called a Kalligrammatid, and there are many members of the lacewing family that still exist today.

    Here is an article from the Smithsonian where you can learn more about the real Spot.

    Photo by Alexander Hasenkampf: iStock.com

  • Sycamore Trees
    Sycamore Trees

    The sycamore tree family really was around during the Creta- ceous era. I’ve drawn modern sycamore trees and seeds, though the ones that were around 66 million years ago had some slight differences in the leaf shapes and the ways the seedballs grew.

    Photo by Ben Elhadj Djelloul Mohamed on Unsplash